The relative airflow is the flow of air (velocity and direction) in relation to the rotor blade (or rotor disc). It is a combination of helicopter airspeed, rotational airflow and induced airflow.
In powered flight, the relative airflow is directed downward through the rotor disc at ----------------------------------------- etc. etc.
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Positive wing dihedral increases the lateral stability due to the sideslipping action causing the airflow to meet the lower wing at a greater angle of attack, and therefore create more lift, than the upper wing.
This dissymmetry of lift creates a corrective force that ----------------------- etc. etc.
Just before the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke, the mixture is ignited by the spark plugs with both valves still closed.
The resulting fire starts at each spark plug and burns rapidly through the mixture at a predictable rate (it is not --------------- etc. etc.
This pressure then forces the piston downward.
This is the only stroke where the piston is driving the crankshaft; in all other strokes the crankshaft is driving the pistons.
In flight control systems, an input lever (also called a shuttle valve or pilot valve) is activated by the pilot's controls and this opens one side of the actuating cylinder to hydraulic pressure and the other side of the actuator to the return line to the reservoir.
In the event of a hydraulic failure, the input lever (or shuttle valve) is pushed to its mechanical stop and then ------------------------------------------------------------------------- etc. etc.
This gives a certain amount of free play as the input lever moves to its limit and then the controls are heavier as the pilot has to force the fluid out of one side of the cylinder and suck fluid into the other.
Direct Reading Compasses have only one moving part, therefore they are extremely reliable. In most light aircraft, they are the only means of determining directional information.
Apart from regular compass swings by maintenance engineers, the only time a compass is likely to need attention is if the ------------------------------------------------------- or a ---------------- is visible, indicating the fluid is leaking and the level has dropped.
This fluid dampens oscillations of the needle, and by both its buouyancy and lubrication properties, reduces the friction on the pivot assembly.
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The needle of a magnetic compass that is unaffected by extraneous objects, aligns itself with the earth's magnetic field in both the horizontal and vertical plane and therefore, depending on the latitude (the distance from the Poles) it may not be parallel to the earth's surface. This is called Compass Dip.
Compass dip is at a minimum at the equator, and increases as you move closer to the magnetic poles, when the compass needle aligns itself with the magnetic lines surrounding the Earth. This causes turning errors, acceleration errors and deceleration errors. These errors increase as the latitude increases and the compass card moves further away from the horizontal plane. These errors occur in both hemispheres, but with opposite effects.
These are detached clouds with sharp outlines that form in convective currents and develop vertically in the form of rising mounds, domes or towers. The bulging parts resemble a cauliflower.
The sunlit parts are mostly brilliant white and their base is relatively dark and nearly horizontal.
These clouds are extremely unstable and a towering Cu is often associated with thunderstorms and can be just as dangerous as a Cb.
The temperature within a cumulus cloud is warmer than the environment in the lower levels of the cloud but cooler than the environment toward the top of the cloud.
I have only shown the TAKE-OFF power graph here, the other one is in the printed notes and the method of use is identical for both graphs.
Each eye sees an object from a slightly different angle and passes these distorted images to the brain, where the two images are processed and the blind spot from each eye is replaced with that portion of the image from the other eye, thus allowing us to 'see' the object in a true perspective.
If we only had one eye, we would not get any depth perception and everything would look flat.
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Regards
Ron Newman